Tax Credits
Afintrix Advisory Analytics organizes this resource to support controlled tax-credit engagements using authoritative Internal Revenue Service sources.
This page provides multiple IRS tax credit topics into one continuous resource because credit eligibility often depends on taxpayer identification numbers, filing status, dependent qualification, timing rules, and program-specific reconciliation requirements that must remain internally consistent across the record.
Premium Tax Credit
This section preserves IRS requirements for eligibility, advance payments, and reconciliation for the premium tax credit claimed for coverage purchased through the Health Insurance Marketplace.
What is it?
The premium tax credit is a refundable credit that helps eligible individuals and families cover the premiums for their health insurance purchased through the Health Insurance Marketplace.
To get this credit, you must meet certain requirements and file a tax return with Form 8962, Premium Tax Credit.
Eligibility Requirements
The credit amount is based on a sliding scale and is designed so those with lower incomes receive a larger credit.
To claim the premium tax credit, the taxpayer must purchase health insurance through the Health Insurance Marketplace, not be eligible for other qualifying health coverage such as employer-sponsored health insurance or Medicare/Medicaid, and meet certain income requirements.
Income requirements
Household income must be between 100% and 400% of the federal poverty level (FPL) for family size to qualify.
Under the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) of 2021, expanded through the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022, those with household income above 400% of the FPL may also qualify.
Those who receive unemployment benefits may also be eligible.
Advance Payment of the Premium Tax Credit
Advance payments of the premium tax credit allow a taxpayer to apply for advance payments rather than waiting to claim the premium tax credit when filing the tax return.
If a taxpayer qualifies, the government pays the credit directly to the health insurance company on the taxpayer’s behalf, reducing monthly premiums.
Claiming and reconciling
To claim the premium tax credit: purchase a plan through the Health Insurance Marketplace, file a federal income tax return even if the taxpayer normally does not file, complete Form 8962, Premium Tax Credit, and attach it to the return.
If the taxpayer received advance payments of the premium tax credit, the taxpayer must file a tax return and complete Form 8962 to reconcile the advance payments with the actual credit entitlement.
Reconciling advance payments
If advance premium tax credits were received, they must be reconciled on the tax return using Form 8962.
If the amount of advance credit payments is more than the allowed premium tax credit, there will be excess advance payments that may need to be repaid.
If advance payments were less than the credit entitlement, the difference is received back as a refund.
Year-of-change controls
Changes in income or family size during the year may affect the credit amount.
Changes should be reported promptly to the Marketplace to prevent having too much or too little advanced credit paid to the insurer.
Eligibility for future advance payments
If a taxpayer or household member received advance premium tax credit payments and fails to file a tax return and reconcile the payments, the taxpayer may not be eligible to receive advance payments in future years.
Earned Income Tax Credit
This section preserves IRS eligibility tests, filing steps, refund timing restrictions, and documentation expectations applied in EITC claim validation.
Overview
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a tax benefit for people who work and have low-to-moderate income.
When EITC exceeds the amount of taxes owed, it results in a tax refund to those who claim and qualify for the credit.
The credit amount depends on income, filing status, and number of children.
Qualification requirements
To qualify for the EITC, the taxpayer must:
Have earned income such as wages or self-employment income.
Not have investment income above a certain limit.
Have a valid Social Security Number.
Be a U.S. citizen or resident alien for the full year.
Not file as “Married Filing Separately.
Not be a qualifying child of another person.
Meet certain income limits based on filing status and number of children.
Qualifying child tests
A qualifying child for EITC must meet these tests:
Relationship test.
Age test.
Residency test.
Joint return test.
Claiming the credit
To claim the EITC, file a tax return even if the taxpayer does not normally need to file.
If the taxpayer has a qualifying child, complete Schedule EIC, Earned Income Credit, and file it with the return.
If the taxpayer does not have a qualifying child, claim the credit directly on the tax return.
Free preparation and filing resources referenced
For free tax preparation help, type “Free Tax Prep” in the search box on www.IRS.gov and use the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) locator tool.
The IRS Free File program is referenced as an option to prepare and electronically file a tax return using professional software.
Refund timing and status tools
By law, the IRS cannot issue EITC refunds before mid-February; this delay applies to the entire refund, not just the EITC portion.
Refund status can be checked at Where’s My Refund on IRS.gov or through the IRS2Go app.
Verification and documentation expectations
The IRS may send a notice requesting documents to show the taxpayer is entitled to claim the credit, and the notice identifies what documents must be sent (for example, birth certificates and school records).
Templates are referenced for obtaining information from a school, healthcare provider, or childcare provider to verify a qualifying child’s residency: School Template, Healthcare Providers Template, Childcare Providers Template.
IRS Form 886-H-EIC is referenced as listing many documentation options; the IRS toolkit is referenced as helping identify what documents may be provided to determine if a child is a qualifying child.
Alternative records may demonstrate residency (for example, social service records, childcare provider records, official mail addressed to the child), and a signed letter on official letterhead may be obtainable where an agency has address and custody details.
A certain document alone generally does not show entitlement, but in combination with other records it can demonstrate entitlement.
School-year timing note
Where school records are used, a school “year” is only part of a calendar year because school typically spans autumn to spring, so two school years may be needed to cover one calendar year.
A letter from the school may be needed rather than transcripts to show the child’s guardian and the address on record during the calendar year.
Special rules
The PATH Act prevents retroactive or amended returns claiming EITC, ACTC, or the American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC) if the reason for filing is that the taxpayer now has the type of valid Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) required for each credit but did not have such TIN before the due date of the return.
If a valid taxpayer identification number was not received by the due date of the return (including extensions), a past due return or amended return cannot be filed to claim these credits.
A valid taxpayer identification number could be an SSN, Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN), or Adopted Taxpayer Identification Number (ATIN) depending on the requirement for each credit.
Refund holds, benefit interactions, and bans
While the IRS is asking for additional information, it will hold the refund.
While the IRS is asking for additional information, it will hold the refund.
A taxpayer will be banned from claiming the credit for two years if improperly claimed due to reckless or intentional disregard of rules or regulations, and for ten years if claimed due to fraud.
Child Tax Credit, Additional Child Tax Credit, Credit for Other Dependents
This section preserves IRS distinctions between nonrefundable and refundable credit structures, dependent qualification rules, and post-disallowance filing controls.
What is it?
The Child Tax Credit (CTC) is a tax benefit to help families who are raising children.
The child must be the taxpayer’s dependent and under the age of 17 at the end of year.
The CTC is a nonrefundable tax credit, reducing tax owed but not resulting in a refund.
If the taxpayer receives less than the full amount of the nonrefundable CTC, the taxpayer may be entitled to the refundable Additional Child Tax Credit (ACTC).
If the taxpayer does not qualify for the CTC or ACTC, the taxpayer may qualify for the Credit for Other Dependents (ODC), a nonrefundable credit.
CTC and ACTC qualification requirements
Modified adjusted gross income must not exceed the annual limit, which is 200,000 dollars (400,000 dollars if filing jointly) for taxable years 2018 through 2025.
The taxpayer and spouse if filing jointly must have a Social Security Number (SSN) or Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) issued on or before the due date of the return (including extensions).
If the taxpayer applies for an ITIN on or before the due date of the return (including extensions) and the IRS issues the ITIN as a result of the application, the IRS will consider the ITIN as issued on or before the due date of the return.
Bona fide residents of Puerto Rico may be eligible to claim the ACTC if they had at least one qualifying child, with reference to the IRS webpage, Bona Fide Residents of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- Tax Credits.
Qualifying child requirements
A qualifying child for CTC/ACTC must satisfy the listed conditions:
Under age 17 at the end of the year.
Have an SSN valid for employment issued before the due date of the return (including extensions).
Relationship category as stated in the source.
Support, residency, dependent status, joint return, and citizenship/residency conditions as stated in the source.
Other Dependents Credit
The ODC is a 500 dollar nonrefundable credit claimable if the taxpayer has a dependent who is not a qualifying child for the CTC.
Conditions for claiming ODC include SSN/ITIN issuance timing rules for joint filers, claiming the dependent on the return, not using the dependent to claim CTC/ACTC, citizenship/residency conditions, and dependent TIN requirements (ITIN, SSN, or ATIN issued on or before the due date including a valid extension).
Claiming CTC, ACTC, and ODC
To claim CTC, ACTC, and ODC, the taxpayer will need to file Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, enter children and other dependents under the Dependents section, and attach a completed Schedule 8812, Credits for Qualifying Children and Other Dependents.
Refund timing and status tools
By law, an ACTC refund cannot be issued before mid-February, and this includes the entire refund, not just the ACTC portion.
Refund status can be checked at Where’s My Refund on IRS.gov and the IRS2Go app.
Prior-year disallowance control
If CTC, ACTC, or ODC was disallowed in a prior year for any reason except a math or clerical error, Form 8862, Information To Claim Certain Credits After Disallowance, must be attached to the tax return to claim the credits.
Related content references preserved
Child Tax Credit.
Does my child/dependent qualify for the child tax credit or the credit for other dependents?
Child related tax benefits comparison | Earned Income Tax Credit.
About Schedule 8812 (Form 1040), Credits for Qualifying Children and Other Dependents.
Valuable information about child and dependent-related tax benefits.
Notice CP75 Series.
Qualifying-child and documentation expectations
Requirements listed for claiming a qualifying child include: not being a qualifying child of another person, SSN requirement, marriage limitation, one-claimant limitation, and passing relationship/age/residency/joint return tests.
The relationship test list is preserved, including explicit exclusions stated in the source.
The residency test includes the source’s example of non-consecutive time and recognizes temporary absences due to special circumstances such as illness, school attendance, business, vacation, military service, or detention in a juvenile facility.
The IRS may request documents to show entitlement and may request documents like birth certificates and school records.
The same templates and Form 886-H-EIC reference appear in the source and are preserved where included in the credits material.
Special rules (PATH Act / TIN timing) – CTC/ACTC emphasis
Special rules (PATH Act / TIN timing) – CTC/ACTC emphasis
The additional restriction that a past due return or amended return cannot be filed to claim the CTC or ACTC for anyone on the return without an SSN valid for employment by the due date (including a valid extension) is preserved.
Cross-credit claim sequencing retained
The source statement that if the taxpayer qualifies for the CTC, the taxpayer may also qualify for the EITC is preserved.
The filing expectation to complete Schedule EIC, Earned Income Credit, if claiming a qualifying child remains preserved as stated in the source.
Education Tax Credits and Deductions
This section preserves the education credit and deduction descriptions, IRS form references, cautions, and disallowance conditions stated in the source material.
Education Tax Benefits Notice
The section states there can be tax benefits for pursuing higher education and/or specialized job training through certain tax credits, deductions, and savings plans.
Caution is preserved: the amount on Form 1098-T may not be the amount of expenses claimable, and descriptions of qualifying expenses are in IRS Publication 970, Tax Benefits for Education.
IRS education benefit definitions
Credit reduces the amount of income tax you have to pay.
Deduction reduces the amount of income that is taxed.
Savings plans allow tax-free growth until distribution and may allow tax-free distributions.
Education credits described
The American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC) is a partially-refundable tax credit for college education where the student must attend at least half-time and is available for the first four years of college education.
The Lifetime Learning Credit is a non-refundable tax credit of up to 2,000 dollars per tax return for qualifying expenses for any level of college or education courses to advance or improve job skills, with no minimum enrollment requirement and no limit on the number of years it can be claimed.
AOTC refundability description is preserved (refund of up to 1,000 dollars where applicable in the source).
The prohibition is preserved: both credits can be claimed on the same return but not for the same student.
Recordkeeping and Form 1098-T control
The student should receive IRS Form 1098-T, Tuition Statement, from the educational institution and should request one if not received.
The credit cannot be claimed without an IRS Form 1098-T, Tuition Statement, unless the educational institution is not required to furnish the form under existing rules.
Records of enrollment and paid qualified tuition and related expenses must be kept and may need to be provided if the IRS contacts the taxpayer regarding the credit claim.
Common mistakes
Dependent status conflicts, missing Form 1098-T, claiming non-qualifying expenses, claiming credit for a student not attending an eligible institution, trying to claim both credits for the same student, and filing a timely return where the student lacks a valid SSN, ITIN, or ATIN at that time.
When an education credit cannot be claimed
Felony drug conviction limitation for AOTC.
Taxpayer/spouse/student TIN issuance or application timing requirement on or before the due date (including extensions).
How to claim
Complete Form 8863, Education Credits, and attach it to Form 1040 or 1040-SR; enter the credit on Schedule 3 (Form 1040), line 3.
Qualifying expenses and eligible institution definition
AOTC qualifying expenses include tuition and certain related expenses required for enrollment or attendance at an eligible educational institution and course-related books, supplies, and equipment not necessarily paid to the educational institution.
Lifetime Learning Credit qualifying expenses include tuition and certain related expenses required for enrollment or attendance at an eligible educational institution and the stated limitation that books, supplies, and equipment must be paid to the educational institution as a condition of enrollment or attendance.
Eligible educational institution definition is preserved as stated in the source.
How this affects claims
Only one education credit can be claimed for any student and their expense.
Tax-free educational assistance such as a grant must be subtracted from qualified education expenses.
PATH Act timing restriction
The PATH Act restriction on past due or amended returns claiming AOTC based on TIN issuance timing is preserved.
The stated requirement for receiving Form 1098-T for tax years beginning after June 29, 2015 (generally 2016 returns) is preserved as stated in the source.
Education-related deductions
Student Loan Interest Deduction: depending on income, a deduction for interest on qualified student loans may reduce taxable income by up to 2,500 dollars and can be claimed even if the taxpayer does not itemize deductions.
IRS Publication 970 is referenced for income thresholds and other requirements.
Work-related Education Business Deduction: may benefit workers (including self-employed) who itemize deductions and paid for work-related education, has requirements, and cannot be claimed in addition to other education credits for the same expense.
Educator Expense Deduction: preserved as described in the source, including that the educator does not need to itemize and the reader is directed to the IRS Tax Topic on Educator Expense Deduction for qualifying details.
Related content references
Higher Education Tax Credits -- Here’s what taxpayers need to know.
Get Help -- Credits.
Name, Image, and Likeness -- Income Paid to Student-Athletes Is Taxable Income.
Home Credits
This section preserves homeowner credit descriptions, energy credit parameters, recordkeeping controls, recapture timing, and form references stated in the source.
Homeowner Tax Credits Overview
There are several tax credits available to homeowners, including credits that can help if a taxpayer is planning to buy a home or made energy-efficient improvements to a residence located in the United States.
Mortgage Interest Credit
The Mortgage Interest Credit helps certain individuals afford home ownership, with the stated requirement to have a qualified Mortgage Credit Certificate (MCC) from state or local government.
To be eligible, the taxpayer must have an MCC issued by a state or local government under a qualified mortgage credit certificate program, and the MCC shows the certificate credit rate used to compute the credit.
The credit may be 20% to 50% of mortgage interest paid depending on the certificate credit rate and mortgage interest paid.
The maximum annual credit is 2,000 dollars if the certificate credit rate is more than 20%, and there is no limit if the certificate credit rate is 20% or less.
If the taxpayer refinances the original mortgage loan on which an MCC was received, a new MCC must be obtained, and the credit amount may change.
Residential Clean Energy Credit
The Residential Clean Energy Credit equals 30% of the costs of new, qualified clean energy property for a home in the United States installed anytime from 2022 through 2032, and is phased down to 26% and 22% for property placed in service in 2033 and 2034.
The credit does not have an annual or lifetime dollar limit except for fuel cell property.
Qualified expenses include costs of new equipment such as solar electric panels, solar water heaters, wind turbines, geothermal heat pumps, fuel cells, and battery storage technology beginning in 2023.
Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit
For qualified energy-efficient improvements to a home after Jan. 1, 2023, the source states a credit up to 3,200 dollars for improvements made through 2032.
For each tax year, the source states a credit of 30% of qualified energy efficiency improvements and residential energy property expenditures for the main home during the year.
The annual dollar limit is 3,200 dollars with the stated breakdown in the source: 1,200 dollars for certain categories with door/window/audit limits, and 2,000 dollars per year for qualified heat pumps and biomass stoves/boilers.
The credit is available for existing homes, not available for new construction, and cannot be taken for improvements to a second home.
Eligible improvements list is preserved as stated in the source.
Recordkeeping controls
The source’s recordkeeping requirements are preserved, including keeping purchase contract and settlement papers (or other acquisition evidence), receipts and similar records for improvements/additions to basis, and tracking decreases to basis (including residential energy credits, D.C. first-time homebuyer credit, and non-business energy property credits) and other items that decrease basis.
The source preserves that if part of the home was used for business, additional records may be needed.
Claiming these credits
To claim the Mortgage Interest Credit, complete Form 8396, Mortgage Interest Credit, and attach it to the tax return.
To claim the energy credits, complete Form 5695, Residential Energy Credits, and attach it to the tax return.
Recapture and retention
If the taxpayer sells the home within nine years, the taxpayer may have to repay all or part of the benefit received from the Mortgage Interest Credit program.
Records must be kept for as long as they are important for meeting federal tax law requirements, and basis records may need to be kept as long as the taxpayer owns the property and for a time after it is sold.
Refinancing the original mortgage loan with an MCC requires a new MCC to claim the credit on the new loan.
Businesses and Tax-Exempt Entities Financially Impacted by the Coronavirus
This section preserves the source’s framing and major subsections on pandemic-era credits and relief, including statutory origins, claim pathways, penalty relief references, PPP interaction, and IRS/TAS business closure resources.
COVID-19 Business Tax Relief
The source states this page provides information on tax credits and relief for businesses and tax-exempt entities financially impacted by the coronavirus pandemic, covering the Employee Retention Credit, Paid Leave and Credits, how to get the credit, and Business Closures.
Employee Retention Credit
The CARES Act, enacted March 27, 2020, is identified as establishing the Employee Retention Credit to encourage eligible employers to keep employees on payroll despite hardship.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 and the American Rescue Plan Act are identified as including changes to extend and modify the credit.
CARES Act 2020 tax-year mechanics (50% and wage cap) are preserved as stated in the source.
Consolidated Appropriations Act 2021 mechanics (70% and per-quarter wage cap for early 2021) are preserved as stated in the source.
ARPA mechanics (70% and maximum per employee per quarter with stated annual aggregate) are preserved as stated in the source.
The availability statement under ARPA for third and fourth quarters of 2021 is preserved.
The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act limitation is preserved: the Employee Retention Credit is limited in the fourth quarter of 2021 to recovery startup businesses as defined in section 3134(c)(5), and taxpayers that are not recovery startup businesses are not eligible for wages paid after September 30, 2021.
Source-listed guidance references
Employee Retention Credit (IRS.gov).
Penalty relief related to claims for the Employee Retention Credit.
Income tax and ERC (IRS FAQ page).
Paid Leave and Credits
FFCRA, enacted March 18, 2020, required certain employers with fewer than 500 employees to provide paid sick leave and expanded family and medical leave for COVID-19 related reasons from April 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020.
The refundable tax credit mechanics are preserved as stated: eligible employers could retain federal employment taxes equal to qualifying leave wages paid plus allocable health plan expenses and employer’s share of Medicare tax rather than deposit them.
The refundable credit applies against certain employment taxes, and excess is treated as an overpayment and refunded.
The extension and expansion under the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 and ARPA is preserved, including ARPA extensions through September 30, 2021, expanded reasons including vaccination and recovery, reset of paid sick leave days as of April 1, 2021, collectively bargained contributions, and governmental employer availability excluding the federal government and its agencies and instrumentalities.
The source directs to the IRS Coronavirus Tax Relief for Businesses and Tax-Exempt Entities page for detailed guidance, including eligibility requirements, qualifying wages, and how to claim.
Getting the credit
Eligible employers claim the Employee Retention Credit by reporting total qualified wages and related health insurance costs for each quarter on employment tax returns, generally on Form 941 and Form 944 (for employers notified in writing about filing Form 944).
If employment tax returns were already filed without claiming the credit, the source states employers can file an amended return: Form 941-X to correct a quarter and claim the credit retroactively, subject to the limitations period under section 6511.
Penalty relief
The IRS has provided penalty relief related to claims for the Employee Retention Credit, and the source directs to the IRS Coronavirus Tax Relief for Businesses and Tax-Exempt Entities page for detailed and current guidance including filing instructions and penalty relief availability.
PPP interaction
The interaction rule is preserved: eligible employers that received a Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan can claim the Employee Retention Credit but not on the same wages used to obtain PPP loan forgiveness, and wages used for ERC cannot be the same wages reported as payroll costs for PPP loan forgiveness.
Business closures and resources
The source states TAS partnered with IRS to expand the Closing a Business page on IRS.gov to help business owners understand specific actions needed from a federal tax perspective for each type of business.
The Closing a Business page is described as providing information on what forms to file, final-year income reporting, expense handling before closure, and entity-type-specific instructions for Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Corporation, S Corporation, and Limited Liability Company (LLC).
More resources
The source lists that the Coronavirus Tax Relief for Businesses and Tax-Exempt Entities page provides comprehensive information on available relief measures including: Employee Retention Credit guidance and FAQs, paid leave credit information, Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan information, deferral of employment tax deposits and payments, net operating losses, business interest deductions, charitable contribution deductions, and qualified improvement property.
Important Notes
These statements isolate high-impact controls and conditional rules that materially affect credit validity, refund timing, and eligibility preservation under the cited IRS programs.
Premium Tax Credit claims require Form 8962, and reconciliation is mandatory when advance payments were received; failure to reconcile may affect eligibility for future advance payments.
EITC and ACTC refund timing restrictions apply by law and can delay issuance until mid-February for the entire refund.
IRS verification notices can require taxpayer-supplied documentation, and refund holds can apply while the IRS requests additional information.
The PATH Act restrictions on retroactive or amended credit claims based on late-acquired TINs apply to EITC, ACTC, and AOTC as described in the source, and associated TIN timing rules must be applied exactly as written.
The child-related credit rules include a one-claimant limitation and allow recognition of temporary absences for residency counting under specified circumstances.
The child-related credit rules include a one-claimant limitation and allow recognition of temporary absences for residency counting under specified circumstances.
Official References
Authoritative IRS sources and related regulatory references.
Internal Revenue Service
- About Form 8962, Premium Tax Credit: https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-8962
- Questions and answers on the Premium Tax Credit: https://www.irs.gov/affordable-care-act/individuals-and-families/questions-and-answers-on-the-premium-tax-credit
- How to claim the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/individuals/earned-income-tax-credit/how-to-claim-the-earned-income-tax-credit-eitc
- Form 886-H-EIC (PDF): https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f886he.pdf
- Form 886-H-EIC Toolkit: https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/individuals/earned-income-tax-credit/form-886-h-eic-toolkit
- About Schedule 8812 (Form 1040): https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-schedule-8812-form-1040
- About Form 8863, Education Credits: https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-8863
- Education credits (AOTC and LLC): https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/individuals/education-credits-aotc-and-llc
- Publication 970, Tax Benefits for Education: https://www.irs.gov/publications/p970
- About Form 8396, Mortgage Interest Credit: https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-8396
- Residential Clean Energy Credit: https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/residential-clean-energy-credit
- Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit: https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/energy-efficient-home-improvement-credit
- Instructions for Form 5695 (2025): https://www.irs.gov/instructions/i5695
- Employee Retention Credit: https://www.irs.gov/coronavirus/employee-retention-credit
- Coronavirus tax relief for businesses and tax-exempt entities: https://www.irs.gov/coronavirus/coronavirus-tax-relief-for-businesses-and-tax-exempt-entities
- About Form 941: https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-941
- About Form 941-X: https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-941-x
- Instructions for Form 944 (2025): https://www.irs.gov/instructions/i944
- Closing a business: https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/closing-a-business
